PENGATURAN PENGAKUAN KEMBALI KEWARGANEGARAAN EXILE BERDASARKAN KONVENAN INTERNASIONAL HAK-HAK SIPIL DAN POLITIK (Studi Komparasi Hukum Nasional Indonesia dengan India dan China)

Abstract

Muhammad Irfan Yusuf Rifqi, Ikaningtyas, A.A.A. Nanda Saraswati

Fakultas Hukum Universitas Brawijaya

Jl. MT Haryono No. 169 Malang

irfanyusuf761@gmail.com

ABSTRAK

Eksil berasal dari kata bahasa Inggris exile yang berarti terasing, atau dipaksa meninggalkan kampung halaman atau rumahnya. Maka, mahasiswa ikatan dinas pada masa Orde baru bisa dikatakan eksil karena pada masa Orde Baru mahasiswa yang sedang menuntut ilmu di luar negeri sebelum peristiwa Gerakan 1 Oktober 1965 (Gestok) akan dianggap sebagai pengikut ideologi komunisme. Persoalan exile Indonesia pasca tahun 1965 terdapat berbagai pelanggaran mengenai hak-hak mereka sebagai subjek hukum internasional. Mereka mengalami pelanggaran dalam berbagai aspek seperti kesehatan, tempat tinggal, pendidikan, dan sebagainya. Beberapa dari mereka ditahan dalam jangka waktu yang lama karena ketidakmampuan mereka dalam membuktikan siapa diri mereka sebenarnya dan darimana asal mereka. Hal ini juga dikarenakan instrumen hukum nasional Indonesia belum mengakomodir kepentingan dari diaspora Indonesia, karena Indonesia masih menganut asas kewarganegaraan tunggal. Berbeda dengan Negara India dan China melalui kebijakannya telah berhasil memberdayakan warga diaspora maupun exile-- nya tanpa menerapkan sistem dwi-kewarganegaraan. India dengan kebijakan Kartu OCI-nya dan Visa Khusus yang dipraktekkan oleh China dapat memberikan dampak positif bagi negaranya khususnya di bidang ekonomi. Sedangkan Indonesia sendiri belum mengatur atau membuat suatu kebijakan mengenai warganya yang berstatus diaspora maupun peraturan khusus mengenai exile 1965. Maka dari itu, penulis ingin menganalisis mengenai perbandingan hukum antara Indonesia, India dan China dalam perspektif Konvenan Internasional Hak-Hak Sipil Dan Politik. Serta menganalisa bagaimana seharusnya pengaturan pengakuan kembali kewarganegaraan exile agar sesuai dengan Konvenan Internasional Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik.

Kata Kunci: Eksil, Hak Sipil, Hak Politik.

 

ABSTRACT

Exile means being barred from one‟s native country or being forced to leave one‟s country. University students under agreement of the country‟s government to work as civil servants upon their graduation during New Order were regarded as exile since those studying overseas before the tragedy of Movement of 1 October 1965 (commonly known as Gestok) were regarded as followers of communists. Exilerelated issues in Indonesia after 1965 involved violation of rights of people as the subjects of international law. They suffered from violation in all aspects such as health, residence, education, and so forth. Some were arrested for long since they failed to prove who they were and where they came from. This issue is also due to the fact that the instrument of national law in Indonesia has not accommodated the interest of diaspora in Indonesia since this country follows the principle of single nationality. India and China, on the other hand, through their policies have managed to empower the diaspora and exiled people without implementing the principle of dual nationality. India with its policy of OCI card and special visa as implemented by China can give positive impacts to its country especially on economics. Indonesia, however, has not regulated or made any policies for its citizens who are on the status of diaspora or specific regulations concerning exile 1965. From this issue, this research is aimed to compare the Indonesian National Law and India‟s and China‟s from the perspective of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and to analyse how this re-recognition process should take place to stay in line with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Keywords: Exile, civil right, political right